定语从句是英语学习的难点,也是考研英语考查的重点。掌握考研英语的定语从句从以下维度的内容进行学习:
一、定义
定语从句是指在句中做定语作用,修饰句中的名词或代词的从句,其中被修饰的名词或代词为先行词。当关系代词作定语从句的主语时,其后的谓语动词的人称和数取决于先行词的人称和数。
二、定语从句的结构
定语从句一般位于先行词的后面,定语从句由关系代词who,whom, whose, that, which,that,as和关系副词when,where, why等引导。
(一) 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中做主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
(1)who,whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中做主语和宾语。例如:
Is he the man who/thatwants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
(2)whose 用作关系词表示所属格,也可看作是关系形容词,因为它后面必须接一个名词连用。不能单独使用。例如:
They rushed overto help the man whose car had broken down.
那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
(3)which,that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可做主语、宾语等。作宾语时常可省略。例如:
Aprosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in thecountryside.
农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which/ that在句中作宾语)
(二)关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
(1)关系副词when,where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构,因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用。例如:
Thereare occasions when (onwhich) one must yield.
任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijingis the place where(inwhich) I was born.
北京是我的出生地。
Isthis the reason why(forwhich) he refused ouroffer?
这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
(2)that代替关系副词,可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where, why和“介词+ which”引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略。例如:
Hisfather died the year (that/ when / in which) he was born.
他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikelyto find the place (that / where /in which) he lived fortyyears ago.
他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
(三)限制性和非限制性定语从句
(1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如:
Thisis the house which we bought last month.
这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)
Thehouse, which we bought last month, is very nice.
这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)
(2)当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如:
CharlesSmith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查理。史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。
Myhouse, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
我去年买的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
Thisnovel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。
(3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,
对其进行修饰,
这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如:
Heseems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。
Liquidwater changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。
说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。